1. The neurobiological processes which underlie the development of pain pathways (i) the maturation of central excitatory and inhibitory synaptic responses in postnatal dorsal horn and brain stem (ii) the development of central processes underlying hyperalgesia and allodynia (iii) mechanisms underlying analgesic action in immature pain pathways (iv) neuroimmune interactions and central plasticity underlying nerve damage and neuropathic pain in infancy (v) the long term consequences of early life pain and injury upon adult somatosensory and pain processing 2. The developmental neurophysiology of pain in infants and children (i) cortical, brainstem and spinal pain processing in infants and children (ii) EEG and NIRS analysis of cortical pain activity in preterm infants in intensive care (iii) procedural and postoperative hyperalgesia and allodynia in human infants (iv) long term consequences of infant pain and injury on sensory processing and pain behaviours in older children and adults (v) clinical investigations and trials of analgesic efficacy in infants