These research themes all of which fall within the field of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science and respond to great and rapidly rising, un-met clinical needs. They are: 

The development of Intraosseous Transcutaneous Amputation Prostheses (ITAP). 

Amputation is a rapidly rising clinical problem, and attachment mechanisms for prostheses remain remarkably inefficient. Predominately attachment mechanisms are socket-based designs; the use of which, the majority of amputees abandon due to pain, soft tissue/skin complications and infection. ITAP provide an alternative means of attaching artificial limbs by linking the external prosthesis directly to the skeleton via a skin-penetrating abutment. Our research in developing an infection-free skin-implant seal around ITAP, has led to extensive publications, recognition through conference presentation and guest lectures, and clinical trials involving patients with amputated limbs and digits, and maxillofacial disfigurement. This theme has evolved, to encompass the development of muscle, and nerve electrodes, which could carry electrical signals out of the body, through ITAP, to control prostheses with feedback to facilitate lifelike sensation with robotic arms.