This research uses in-depth case studies to comparatively explore the implications for local authorities and local communities of change of use (such as office or light industrial buildings to housing) under recent changes to ‘permitted development’ rules in England. Potential alternative governance approaches are also considered through international comparison. Case studies in England examine the issue at the local authority wide level and then through specific change of use developments implemented both via the traditional full planning permission processes and the newer permitted development route to assess full implications for housing, the local economy, design and public realm, sustainability and communities. Similar case studies from a local authority Scotland and one in the Netherlands allow broader consideration of different tools, techniques and approaches to managing the change of use of existing buildings.