The microbiome refers to all of the different microbes (including bacteria, viruses and fungi and their genetic information) that live in a particular environment.The human microbiome plays a key role in human health, and alteration of the microbiome (dysbiosis) has been associated with diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and autoimmune disorders. Whether changes to the microbiota can influence survival of renal transplants is unknown. The aim is to understand the role of the microbiome in influencing the outcomes of kidney transplants, and whether routine monitoring and potentially altering the microbiome in patients can lead to improved survival and reduce the risk of rejection and infection after transplantation. This research project will monitor the urine and faecal microbiome in adult and paediatric renal transplant recipients, with the hope of harnessing the power of the microbiota to improve the acceptance rate of transplants and prolong length of life of transplanted organs.