Working with Building Partnerships for Development (BPD) and WaterAid, DPU staff provided advisory support to this project, funded through a planning grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Focusing on six WaterAid country programmes (Bangladesh, Madagascar, Nepal, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda), the project sought to answer the following two main questions: • What is different about the challenges and potential solutions for the delivery of water and sanitation services in small towns as opposed to large urban or rural environments? • Can we learn lessons from other sectors that deliver infrastructure that could inform the design of water and sanitation solutions?